Applicability of Arbitration in Dispute Settlement in International Sports Law

Applicability of Arbitration in Dispute Settlement in International Sports Law

TABLE OF STATUTES

Local Legislation

Arbitration and Conciliation Act, Cap. A18, LFN, 2004.
Section 1(1) ————————————————————————————-20
Section 57 (1) ———————————————————————————–13
Section 58—————————————————————————————-19

Foreign Legislation
COURT OF ARBITRATION FOR SPORTS (CAS) CODE
Article S4 —————————————————————————————-50
Article S4 (d) ————————————————————————————51
Article S5 —————————————————————————————-50
Article S6 (2) ————————————————————————————50
Article S13 ————————————————————————————–50
Article S14 ————————————————————————————–50
Article S20 ————————————————————————————–49

UNCITRAL Model Law 1985
Article 1—————————————————————————————–23
Article 1(2) ————————————————————————————-23
Article 6—————————————————————————————–25
Article 7(1) ———————————————————————————–25, 37
Article 8———————————————————————————24, 25, 26
Articles 8(1) ——————————————————————————–23, 26
Article 9—————————————————————————–23, 24, 25, 26
Article 11——————————————————————————–24, 25, 27
Article 13——————————————————————————–24, 25, 27
Article 14——————————————————————————–24, 25, 27
Article 16—————————————————————————————-25
Article 16(1) ————————————————————————————27
Article 16(3) ————————————————————————————28
Article 17 —————————————————————————————28
Article 18 ————————————————————————————-28, 29
Article 19 ————————————————————————————-29, 30
Article 20 —————————————————————————————30
Article 22 —————————————————————————————30
Article 24 (1) ———————————————————————————–29
Article 24 (2) ———————————————————————————–30
Article 24(3) ———————————————————————————–29
Article 25(a) ———————————————————————————–31
Article 25(b) ———————————————————————————–31
Article 25 (c) ———————————————————————————-31
Article 26 (2) ———————————————————————————-29
Article 27—————————————————————————————25
Article 28 ————————————————————————————–31
Article 28(3) ———————————————————————————32
Article 29 ————————————————————————————32
Article 30 ————————————————————————————32
Article 31 ————————————————————————————32
Article 31(3) ——————————————————————————–32
Article 34——————————————————————————-25, 28, 33
Article 35———————————————————————————-23, 25
Article 35(1) ——————————————————————————–35
Article 35(2) ——————————————————————————–36
Article 36—————————————————————————23, 25, 28, 33, 36
Article 36 (1) ——————————————————————————-33

United Nations Charter, 1945.
Article 2(3), ———————————–2

TABLE OF CASES

1. AC v. Fédération Internationale de Natation Amateur (1997) 1 Digest of CAS Awards 251.————59

2. C v. Fédération Internationale de Natation Amateur. (1996) 1 Digest of CAS Awards 215. —-59

3. C.N. Onuselogu Enterprises Ltd. v. Afribank (Nig.) Ltd. [2005] 1 NWLR (Pt 940) 577; (2006) All FWLR (Pt 310) 1744.—————————39

4. FC Dinamo Minsk vs. Christian Udubuesi Obodo CAS 2015/A/4327——————–74

5. FC Shakhtar Donetsk (Ukraine) v. Mr. Matuzalem Francelino da Silva (Brazil) & Real Zaragoza SAD (Spain) & FIFA CAS 2008/A/1519——————————————-85

6. Foschi v. Fédération Internationale de Natation Amateur (Unreported, CAS, Docket No CAS 97/156, 1997) (‘Foschi’).—————————————————————–62

7. Fútbol Club Barcelona v. Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) CAS 2014/A/3793 ——79

8. Gundel. v. Fedration Equestre Internationale and Court of Arbitration for Sport, (CAS) (1993), Arret Du Tribunal Federal Suisse, 1st Civil Division, 15 March 1993.———–42

9. Joseph S. Blatter vs. Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) CAS 2016/A/4501———–68

10. Maria Sharapova vs. International Tennis Federation (ITF) CAS 2016/A/4643———71
11. Misr (Nig.) Ltd. v. Oyedele (1996) 2 ALR Comm. 157 ————————————– 13
12. National Wheelchair Basketball Association v. International Paralympic Committee (1996) 1 Digest of CAS Awards 173. ———————————————————-59

13. Niederhasli Hockey Club vs. Swiss National Hockey Federation (Unreported, CAS, Docket No CAS 86/02, 1986)—44

14. Nigerian Football Federation v. FIFA;CAS 2014/A/3766———————————81
15. Okpuruwu v. Okpokam [1988] 4 NWLR (Pt. 90) 554 at 586-587. ————————- 3
16. R v. International Olympic Committee (1998) 1 Digest of CAS Awards 419————-57
17. Raducan v. International Olympic Committee (2000) 2 Digest of CAS Awards 665.—-60
18. Tzagaev v International Weightlifting Federation. (2000) 2 Digest of CAS Awards 658.–63

19. United Steelworkers of America v. Warrior & Gulf Navigation Company, 363 U.S. 574, 582 (1963).— 15

20. USA Shooting v. International Shooting Union (1995) 1 Digest of CAS Awards 187.—63

TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS

• AC: Appeal Cases
• ACA: Arbitration and Conciliation Act
• AHD: Ad Hoc Division
• AIOWF: Association of Winter Olympics International Federations
• All FWLR: All Federal Weekly Law Reports
• All NLR: All Nigeria Law Reports
• ANOC: Association of National Olympic Committees
• Art.: Articles
• ASOIF: Association of Summer Olympics International Federations
• CAS: Court of Arbitration for Sports
• Chap.: Chapter
• DRC: Dispute Resolution Chamber
• FC: Football Club
• FCB: Futbol Club Barcelona
• FCE: FIFA Code of Ethics
• FCF: Federacio Catalana de Futbol
• FIFA: Federation Internationale de Football Association
• FINA: Federation Internationale de Natation Amateur
• Ibid: Ibidem (in the same place)
• ICAS: International Council of Arbitration for Sports
• ICJ: International Court of Justice
• ICSID: International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
• I.F: International Federation
• IOC: International Olympic Committee
• ITC: International Transfer Certificate
• ITF: International Tennis Federation
• LFN: Laws of the Federation of Nigeria
• N.F.: National Federation
• NFF: Nigeria Football Federation
• NOC: National Olympic Committee
• NWLR: Nigeria Weekly Law Reports
• RFEF: Real Federacion Espanola de Futbol
• RSTP: Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players
• SCN: Supreme Court of Nigeria
• SDRC: Sport Dispute Resolution Chambers
• SFT: Swiss Federal Tribunal
• TADP: Tennis Anti Doping Programme
• TMS: Transfer Matching System
• UEFA: Union des Associations Europeennes de Football
• UNCITRAL: United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
• WADA: World Anti Doping Agency
• WADC: World Anti Doping Code

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ———————————————————————————————–i

CERTIFICATION—————————————————————————————–ii

DEDICATION ——————————————————————————————–iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ——————————————————————————-iv

TABLE OF CASES ————————————————————————————–vi

TABLE OF STATUTES ——————————————————————————-viii

TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS ————————————————————————xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ——————————————————————————-xiii

ABSTRACT ———————————————————————————————-xvi

CHAPTER ONE – GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study——————————————————————————1

1.2 Statement of Problem —————————————————————————–4

1.3 Research Questions ——————————————————————————–6

1.4 Aim and Objectives of Research —————————————————————–7

1.5 Methodology —————————————————————————————-7

1.6 Significance of Research ————————————————————————–7

1.7 Scope of the Research —————————————————————————–9

1.8 Literature Review ———————————————————————————-9

CHAPTER TWO – THE CONCEPT OF ARBITRATION

2.1. The Meaning of Arbitration ———————————————————————13

2.2. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Arbitration ——————————————15

2.3. A Review of Arbitration and Conciliation Act ————————————————19

2.4. The UNCITRAL Model Law ——————————————————————–20

2.5. The Arbitration Agreement ———————————————————————-37

CHAPTER THREE – THE COURT OF ARBITRATION FOR SPORTS (CAS)/COMPOSITION OF INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF ARBITRATION FOR SPORTS (ICAS) MEMBERSHIP

3.1. The Formation/Inception of the Court of Arbitration for Sports —————————-41

3.2. The Creation and Composition of the International Council of Arbitration for Sports (ICAS) and its role in International Sports Arbitration. ————————————–48

3.3. Enforceability of Awards of Court of Arbitration for Sports (CAS) ————————52

3.4. Jurisprudential Trends in the Case Law of the Court of Arbitration for Sports. ———-54

3.5. The Influence of Common Law on the Practice and Procedure before the Court of Arbitration for Sports (CAS) ———————————————————————64

CHAPTER FOUR – REVIEW OF NOTABLE CASES, ENFORCEMENT OF ARBITRAL AWARDS, TRANSPARENCY AND COST EFFECT OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN INTERNATIONAL SPORTS LAW

4.1 Joseph S. Blatter vs. Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) ——– 68

4.2. Maria Sharapova vs. International Tennis Federation (ITF) ——————————- 71

4.3. FC Dinamo Minsk vs. Christian Udubuesi Obodo ——————————————- 74

4.4. Fútbol Club Barcelona v. Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) — 79

4.5. Nigerian Football Federation (NFF) v. Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) — 81

4.6. Meaning and Purpose of Enforcement ——————————————————— 84

4.7. Composition of CAS Arbitration and Transparency of Functions ————————– 86

4.8. Cost Effect of Arbitration in Dispute Settlement in International Sports Law. ———– 89

CHAPTER FIVE – CONCLUSION

5.1. Summary of Findings ——————————————————————————91

5.2. Observations —————————————————————————————-92

5.3. Contributions to Knowledge ———————————————————————-93

5.4. Recommendations ———————————————————————————-93

5.5. Conclusion ——————————————————————————————94

Bibliography —————————————————————————————-96

ABSTRACT

The notion of arbitration defines the way in which a dispute is settled by a third party. Specifically, in the context of legal terminology, however, it connotes an institution which consists in the settlement of a certain category of disputes by judges who are chosen by the litigants (mainly of private nature). The notion of arbitration as an institution has existed since antiquity and was already known in the Hellenic inter-city law, which, in one sense, presented very few variations throughout history and constituted the first form of dispensing justice. The settlement of disputes by arbitration has prevailed since the times of Homer. For over thirty years, the landscape of international sports arbitration has been dominated by the Court of Arbitration for Sports (CAS) in Lausanne, Switzerland. The CAS is colloquially referred to as a Supreme Court for sports disputes and evidence of its influence is found throughout the sporting world. Since it establishment in 1984 it has registered approximately 4,200 separate arbitration proceedings. This work seeks to give an insight into what makes international sports arbitration unique paying particular attention to the CAS system, the key elements of which we would also outline. While sports arbitration shares many characteristics with commercial or investment arbitration, and although many sports arbitrators also sit in standard commercial and investment cases, it also has many interesting features that distinguish it from non-sports-related arbitration.

The principle of international law that States “shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means” and not by resort to force is not only applicable to the purview of international law and politics but is also applicable in international sports law. In international relations, most disputes are settled through negotiation between the parties or by third-party assistance in the form of good offices, conciliation or the conduct of fact-finding inquiries. One of the most interesting aspects of sports arbitration is that awards issued by an arbitral tribunal tend to be regarded as an authoritative precedent by subsequent arbitral tribunals from the same sports arbitration institution. While sports arbitration awards are not binding legal precedents, previous awards are regarded as being of highly persuasive value, and as such, arbitral tribunals that deviate from an established line of ‘jurisprudence’ are generally expected to provide reasons for such a deviation in the text of their award. However, in the interest of comity and legal certainty they are usually prepared to do so. As a result, a very useful body of sports law is being steadily built up.

This work would further assess the effect of sports arbitration in international law and jurisprudence particularly owing to the fact that sports arbitration in this part of the world is still developing. The study adopts a doctrinal and empirical approach since the work describes and analyses the current trend in arbitration and judicial settlement of disputes in international sports law. The objective is to as much as possible bring to the limelight the nature and scope of arbitration in international sports law as well as a juxtaposition of the concept of arbitration in commercial, investment and international disputes. It is our findings that in international sports law, arbitration has proven to be an extremely successful method of resolving sports disputes, and as a result it has gained the favour and confidence of the sporting world. This success has inevitably led to a massive increase in the number of sports arbitrations taking place in recent years. Perhaps the greatest challenge that the sports arbitration community is now faced with is the need to put structures in place to ensure that the increase in the number of arbitrations does not lead to a decrease in the quality of the awards being issued. To this end we recommend that the bulk of resources, both financial and intellectual, should be dedicated to the establishment of a high-quality ‘national CAS’ in every country for the resolution of national level disputes, and a similarly high-quality arbitral body in each sport, to resolve international sports disputes.