An Epidemiology Survey for Schistosomiasis Among Pupils

An Epidemiology Survey for Schistosomiasis Among Pupils in Amagunze Community in Nkanu Local Government Area in Enugu

ABSTRACT

The survey of urinary Schistosomiasis in Ishele in Amagunze, Nkanu East Local Government was carried out using two methods of diagnosis i.e combination of questionnaire on clinical signs and symptoms, and laboratory microscopy using primary school children in the area as test samples. A total of fifty samples were randomly collected reveals the prevalence of urinary Schistosomiasis is 62 %. The risk factor attributed was found to contain the dried of the type Bulinus (physopsis) globulus and Bulinus francais that is responsible because children play and swim in Afavu River. The sample was collected from pupils within the age of 6-12 years.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: Introduction

CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE: Materials and methods

3.1 Areas of study

3.2 Collection of Specimen

3.3 Method Involved

3.4 Experiment

CHAPTER FOUR: Results

CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion

CHAPTER SIX: Recommendation and Conclusion

References

Appendixes

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE I: Time scale in the development of schistosome species

Table II: Age-specific prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis from 50 urine samples analyzed.

LIST OF FIGURES

TRANSMISSION LIFE CYCLE

DIFFERENT ON A OF SCHISTOSOMES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease of urinary and intestinal tracts by schistosome. A species that infect the urinary bladder is caused by schistosome haematobuim widely found in Africa and was first discovered by bilharzia in 1851 in Egyptian mummies and He also carried out a urogenital tract autopsy. About 20million people are infected with schistosome parasites, those who get a heavy infection are especially or death. Billary modifies dictimery (1998) defined Schistosomiasis as an infectious disease of man-caused by blood flukes of genus schistosome. It is one of the most serious parasitic infections of man, affecting millions of people in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa, Asia and the West Indies.

Schistosomiasis presents a constant threat to as many as 600millons people as they perform daily activities related to water, such as swimming, washing and bathing ( Bayers 1984) this Schistosomiasis effect for the different populations as a result of human contact with infected water, they include (a) occupational (b) recreational (c) domestic (d) socio-cultural (Ukoli 1984) The three main species of schistosome responsible for human infection are Schistosoma japonicum. Four other species occurring much less commonly are interclub, Smatter, S Bovis and S making

The blood flukes in the schistosome is a long narrow known as Schistosomiasis or bilharziasis. schistosome that livers in the urinary bladder of man are known as Schistosoma haematobium while that in the intestine is Schistosoma man, and also Schistosoma japonicum,

Ramsay (1934) reported that male and female worms are separated individuals but the female is smaller and is carried in a groove under the surface of the male and lives in the vein of the host. The female lays eggs in the walls of the bladder and intestine causing inflammation and bleeding. The eggs are excreted with body wastes and find their way to water contaminated by several different water snail example business which is the intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium. Schistosomiasis is very widespread and associated with poverty, poor housing and inadequate sanitary facilities and unsanitary human behaviour.

TABLE 1

TIME SCALE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCHISTOSOME SPICES

S. haematobium

S. Mansmi

S interclub

Lease of life miracidium

16- 32 hrs + 5-6 hrs +

16-32 hrs 5-6 hrs +

16 – 32 hrs +

5-6 hrs +

The emergence of cerconnae after miraudial pens tratim of snail

5-6 weeks

4-5 weeks

3 weeks

Lease of life cercansae

1-3 days

1-3 days

1-3 days

Penetratim time of cercanae

3-5 mins

3-5 mins

3-5 mins

Time is taken for schistosomula to reach the lungs

4-7 days

4-7 days

4-7 days

First appearance of egg, in urine or stool after infection

54- 84 days

25-28 days

50- 80 days.

As compiled by Ukoli (1984)

Schistosoma is a disease rampant and highly prevalent in the revenuer areas, where man contact with infected water while performing their Agricultural activities. Ishiehy Amagunze using annual the river Afavu having an agricultural base with the people contact with the infected water and swampy soil, there is the tendency of the disease which manifest in the people with symptoms as haematuria tenderness of lower etc. It is prevalence in Armagunze increases as the people get more into contact with the water bodies this makes water bodies unsafe for Agricultural recreational activities endangers farm works and use of the water contact relation for the people have increased alarmingly due to the poor facilities and recreational features. hence, there is a need to redetermine the level of Schistosomiasis in Ishelu Amagume, Nkanu local government

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1. To evaluate the epidemiology of Schistosomiasis among pupils of Ishielu Amagunze in Nkanu local government.

2. To educate the pupils concerning the disease on the mode of infection and identify ways of preventing and controlling the disease.

1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Amagunze has a number of slow-moving streams and water bodies with high human contact. The exposed population is primary school pupils who swim, wash food clothes at long hours. It is expected that water intact diseases and schistosomiasis will be highly prevalent in the community.

1.4 HYPOTHESIS

H0 prevalence of schistosomiasis is more in primary school children between ages 6-12 years who have highest water contact such as swimming food washing etc.

H1 Schistosomiasis is not present among pupils in Amagunze even though they have high water contact events.

1.5 JUSTIFICATION

Since all human activities required water such as drinking., bathing, washing of clothes and agricultural purposes etc. there is a need for proper disposal of faces and urine to reduces the rates of infection of Schistosomiasis and pupils coming to the water should be screened before allowing to settle in the area.

REFERENCES

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Adeoye, G.O. and Akabogu, O.A.S. (1996). Occurrence of Urinary schistosomiasis among residents of Ado Odo/Ota area of Ogun State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology,17:23-30.

Adewunmi, C.O., Furu, P., Chistensen, N. and Oborunmola, F. (1991). Endemicity, locality, and seasonality of transmission of human schistosomiasis in three communities in South-Western Nigeria. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology,43: 332 – 334.

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