Use of Composite Flour Blends for Biscuit Making (Peanut/Cassava Flour)

Use of Composite Flour Blends for Biscuit Making (Peanut/Cassava Flour)

ABSTRACT

Digestive and ginger-root biscuits were produced from composite flour blends – cassava flour, peanut butter, wheat flour, and ginger flavor in different ratio mix digestive biscuit – (50: 50; 10: 30: 60 and 10: 90 ), Ginger biscuit (10: 25 : 60: 5, 10: 85 and 50: 45: 5) respectively. The creaming method was used in the production of biscuits with the specified ingredients. Proximate analysis of the products were also determined; moisture content (1.5 – 4.5%), protein content (0.5 – 1.8%), fat content (14 – 1%), protein content (17.50 – 23.9%) and carbohydrate content (51. 51 – 60. 20%). Cyanide content of the cassava flour was also determined using the method of FAO (1984) and was shown to have no toxicity effect: 14. 85mg/g against 150mg/g, lethal dose.

The protein content of the peanut enriched biscuits was observed to be high while product C ranked best in terms of the mean score using seven points hedonic scale; with eight being the highest and two the lowest.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Statement of Problem

1.2 Objectives of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Cassava Origin

2.2 Nutritive Value

2.3 Chemical Composition

2.4 Limitations of Cassava

2.5 Peanut Original

2.6 Chemical Composition

2.7 Nutritive Value

2.8 Limitations of Peanut

2.9 Biscuits

2.9.1 Flours for Biscuit Production

2.9.2 Type of Biscuit and their

2.9.3 Nutritive Value of Biscuit

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and Methods

3.1 Source of Raw Material

3.2 Method of Processing Cassava into flour

3.3 Method of Processing Peanut into Peanut Butter

3.4 Proximate Analysis of the Flours and Products

3.5 Manufacture of Biscuit Using Different Ratio Mix

3.6 Sensory Evaluation

3.7 Determination of Cyanide Content of Cassava

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Results / Discussion

4.1 Results

4.2 Discussions

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Biscuits are the major products produced by the biscuit and crackers industries. Flour confectionery describes a large range of flour-based goods other than bread manufactured from batter sponge or dough by mixing, kneading and may be created by fermentation, chemical or other means resulting in puff/flaky short or sweet product. Those that have their moisture content reduced to make them exceptionally brittle or crops are generally regarded as biscuits. (Okaka, 1997)

The word biscuit comes from the Latin word Biscuit meaning twice-cooked, baking at high temperature followed by drying at a lower temperature (Okaka, 1997). The terms biscuit and cookie are synonymous. The American Encyclopedia described biscuit as a form of bread baking soda as a raising agent rather than yeast.

Biscuits are a common feature of southern U.S. cuisine which can be served as a side dish with a meal or as a breakfast item. Biscuit is also said to be essentially bakery confectionery dried down to low moisture content name derived from Latin word for twice-cooked, made from soft flour, mostly rich in fat and sugar and consequently of the high energy content of 420 to 510kcal per 100g they are cherished by people of all ages and used at different meals and occasions as part of breakfast, snacks, etc. they are eaten with butter and jam or jelly or as a part of a dish called “Biscuit and gravy”. Biscuits are also eaten covered in pizza sauce and cheese. Many varieties exist, both sweet and savory often produced in industrial quantities by large food companies. Sweet biscuits are commonly eaten as snacks and may contain chocolate fruit, jam, or nuts (peanuts). Savory biscuits are plainer and commonly eaten with cheese following a meal

The simplest form of biscuit is a mixture of flour and water but may contain fat sugar and other ingredients mixed into a dough which is rested for a period, passed between rollers to make a sheet. The sheet is then stamped out baked, cooled, and packaged. Biscuits are generally made from wheat flour but according to the topic of this project, “use of composite blends for biscuit making”. Some raw materials other than wheat have to be used in producing the flour for the biscuits. To get a superior product especially for crackers, the following factors are of importance – choice of flour for sponge and dough, selection of fermentation environment, and the baking conditions. It is, therefore, necessary to search for raw materials that give flour of light quality.

Biscuits are classified based on their degree of enrichment and processing or by the method adopted in shaping them. Based on the enrichment criterion are hard dough, soft dough, and batter biscuit respectively. (Okaka; 1997). Soft wheat is used in making flour for most biscuits and the softness is due to lower protein (gluten) content when compared with hard wheat. Based on this fact, raw materials are chosen from other legumes such as peanuts and Roots such as cassava. Since they contain protein though in lesser quantity and quality.

Peanuts are one of the leading crops of the world and belong to the family leguminous. It is a source of edible oil and plant protein. The characteristic feature of legume seed protein is that they are markedly deficient in methionine and tryptophan. Methionine is the first limiting essential amino acid in almost all legume grains. Peanuts contain about 26% to 35% protein with the peanut meal containing a large amount of nutritionally essential amino – acids. The seeds are nutritional and contain vitamin E, Niacin, folacin, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, iron, riboflavin, thiamine, potassium, etc (Ogbo; 2002). Peanut also contains a significant load of resveratrol, a strong antioxidant that inhibits lipid peroxidation of low–density lipoprotein (LOL), prevents the cytotoxicity of oxidized (LDL), and protects cells against lipid peroxidation. Hydrophilic aid lipophilic properties, it can as well provide more effective protection than other well-known antioxidation such as vitamin C and E.

Peanut is used for different purposes, food (raw, roasted or boiled, cooking oil), animal feed, and industrial raw material. There are four varieties of peanut:- Virginia, Peruvian runner, Valencia, and Spanish.

Cassava, one of the raw materials is an indigenous and stable food of millions of Nigerian people. The few misconceptions related to cassava especially about its low nutritional value and its toxicity have been effectively challenged by National ad International Research Institutions. National Institutions like the University of Agriculture Umedike in Umuahia have succeeded in producing many Tropical Manioc Selection (TMS) varieties with an added advantage of low cyanide.

Despite the obvious advantages of cassava like being easily propagated by stem cutting. Relatively high yielder and an excellent source of calories, cassava remained for some time a neglected crop in agricultural research and development activities to an extent not commensurate with its importance as food. However, some developments within the past 15 years have enhanced interest in the crop, and research priority has been given to research on its improvement, increased production, and utilization.

First, the International Society for Tropical Root and Tubers Crops was founded in 1967 to encourage research, increased production, and utilization, and exchange of information on tropical root and tuber crops including cassava yams, sweet potatoes and avoids. Second, among the International Institutions (International Institute for Tropical Agriculture – IITA – in Nigeria, and the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture – CIAT in Colombia) that have programs giving high priority to research on the improvement, production systems, storage, and utilization of cassava and other related training. Roots and Tubers Expansion Programme (RTEP was also put in place to develop and source for alternative uses of cassava as industrial raw material and create enabling market environment. High-Quality unfermented flour”, including fortified cassava flours are now more accessible because of the improved processing and technological methods for processing cassava. These technologies can be used to produce particle / whole substitutes for wheat flour from 540 100 percent in bakery and confectionery products such as biscuit, chin-chin, etc. and some of these snacks have no noticeable change in texture, flavor, aroma nor color.

The cassava flour is fortified with peanut butter in this project because of its high protein content, vitamins like vitamin E, which is a powerful antioxidant. The manufacture of a good biscuit, therefore, depends mostly on the selection of correct flour for each type ad applying processes that are compatible such processes a remixing, accretion and fermentation, laminating, baking, and cooling (Okaka, 1997:- p. 155).

1.2 AIM / PURPOSE

As everybody including the federal government is putting effort together to induce foreign exchange conservation using local material utilization. It has been decided to carry out some work on cassava and peanut blend to use them as substitutes for imported wheat in making flours for biscuit manufacture. Peanut butter is also added to complement the necessary amino acids.

The result of research carried out and test conducted by Roots and Tubers Expansion Programme show that it is possible to produce acceptable biscuits of comparable standard to that of wheat flour biscuits using composite flours from the above-named legume and Roots.

Wheat whose flour is the major material used for biscuit manufactures in most countries of the world traditionally employ wheat for biscuits and similar products. Although wheat flour is generally employed as the basic ingredient in biscuit manufacture. Wheat is uniformly grown all over the world and being a temperature crop, it only grows under certain climatic conditions. Consequently, biscuit manufacturing industries in countries where wheat does not grow have to import the grain or the flour.

In countries, Nigeria, to be precise, wheat is cultivated though not in appreciable quantity due to climate conditions, a large sum of foreign exchange is spent on importation especially with the present rate of growth of biscuit and allied industries in Nigeria (Federal Office of Statistics, Lagos Nigeria). There are a lot of industries (confectionery) although the date is not yet readily available, all based on wheat flour. Foreign exchange spending as of 1982 is a huge amount of money. Therefore success in this trend of supplementation will save a huge sum of money being spent annually on wheat importation and could now be utilized to improve another sector of the country’s economy.

The aim of this project work, therefore, is to reduce or stop the extensive importation of wheat, thereby broadening the food base of Nigerians. The commercial and industrial implications will bring economic benefits to all biscuit consumers by making the product more readily available. Supplementation of imported wheat flour with cassava flour will save millions of Naira in foreign exchange.

It is also estimated that the use of these composite blends (cassava flour and peanut butter) will result in the production of biscuits that are less expensive and highly nutritive than those produced before.

It will also create new employment opportunities as well as economic self-reliance both at the industrial and household level of cassava processors.