Isolation and Identification of Bacteria Associated With Wound Sepsis

Isolation and Identification of Bacteria Associated With Wound Sepsis

ABSTRACT

The isolation and identification of bacteria associated with 150ml sepsis studies were carried out to 250 patient at National Orthopaedic Hospital Enugu. (250) Two hundred and fifty patients with 150ml sepsis was grouped in to in patients and out patients. The sample collected are wound pus and wound exudates which were collected from patients with diabetic ulcer, surgery wounds, sickle cell ulcers, gun shot wound, using sterile stent striates to aspirate the wound exudates and stet swab sticks to swab the wound prof. Population was sampled.

According to wound type and noting their differences sex distributing palternage range (0-2_ years, (3-5_ years (608) years (9-11_ years, (12-14) years, (15-17) years, (18-20) years, and 21 years and above, in sex distribution. (male and female), in predisposing factors and in any other factor affecting it and also their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. The samples collected were plated out to on Mac conkey agar, Blood agar, Perory citrate agar (DCA) and further examination was done such as motility test gram staining and some brolhemoceltest like citrate, on and catalyst test for confirmation. The results obtained from 250 patients samples, 199 were positive pathogens and 51 were negative out of which 97 (48.890) were staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus was recorded as the organism that was the highest prevelence while galmorella species has the lowest prevalence 3(1.5%) In this study. The sensivity patttern of the isolated organisms results show that pseudomonas aeruginosa is resistant to more drugs than the staphylococcus aureus and escherichris coli. Most organisms were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin, Floxacillin, Erythromycin, Cotrimoxazole.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Wound is any interruption, by violence or by surgery, in the continuity of the external surfaces of the body or of the surface of any internal or pan (madonald, 1990). According to him, legally, the whole thickness of the skin must be broken, and creating an internal injury wound. Is also a breach of a coetaneous, mucous, or serious surface (Charles 1979). Wound can also be defied as injury to the skin or underlying tissues or organs by a blow or cut, missile or stab which includes injury to the skin caused by chemicals, cold, friction, heat, pressure and rays, and manifestation in the skin of internal conditions such as pressure sure and ulcers (Roper 1989).

Wound sepsis is the infection of wound by phylogenic organisms (Roper, 1989). Wounds can be divided into Many types which includes (a) Incised wounds: which are produced by sharp scuttling instruments (There is aponeuetic fascia of the scalp and most operations wounds are of this category, Lacerased wounds which may be produced in category, Lacerased wounds which may be produced in road accidents, by factory machinery. This type of wound is frequently contaminated, and it supplies an excellent culture medium for microorganisms. There is more pain than in an incised wound, but bleeding may not be severe due to constriction of blood vessels. Punctured wound which may be inflicted by sharp instrument, nails, edge’s teeth, knives, and bullets. These wounds are especially susceptible to injection from anaerobic organisms as those causing tetanus and gas gangrene which start thriving when the aerotic organisms such as staphylococcus and streptococcus have used up the available oxygen in the deep tissues.

Poisoned wounds are those which occurs because of insect strings, snake bites and dog bites and the inject bites produce swelling. Irritation and dis-comfort caused and devitalized wounds are those that result for industrial and severe road accidents and the area and depth of devitalized tissue depends upon the area and weight of the coushing force and the duration and velocity of impact.

Burns and scalids which results from the destruction of tissue by dry heat fraction, electricity radiation or corrosive fluid while scald results from the destruction of tissue by mist heat. Bruise and confusion is a superficient injury without damage to the skin and the swelling, pain and dis comfort are dye to the extra-vacation of blood into tissues. Colour changes occur because of the moglobin oxidatron.

Haematoma is the collection of blood in the tissues which causes a swelling which when pressed on surrounding structures, the haemotoma become readily injected by micro-organism.

Sprain is another wound type which involves the tearing of the capsule and ligaments round a joint with subsequent exudation of fluids.

Wounds cab further be classified into clean wounds with the amount of contamination being up 30% or more in dirty wounds. The class I (clean) wounds which are non traumatic with no break in surgical technique without any septic folus or viscera being opened. Classs II (clean contaminated) wounds are non traumatic, with only minor breaker own in technique being allowed or entry into a vucous without significant spillage. The class III (contaminated) are traumatic wounds froma relatively clean source, or with a major break in technique or significant spillage from an open viscous, or when acute non- purulent infection is encountered. Class IV (dirty) wounds are frammatic wounds from a dirty source following delayed treatment or when acute bacterial contamination and releases of pus occur.

Micro organism of clinical importance can be isolated from wounds, and they include Achinomyces species. Bacteriodes species, clostridium perfringes, Eschericha coli, other gram-negative enteric bacilli, my cobacterium species, pseudomonas aerug, nwa proteus vulgaaris, staphlococcus aureus. Stapholococcus epidermis stretococcus faecalis, clostridium fetani (Fischachi, 1987).

Wound sepis depends on the opportunities for infection in different parts of the body which in turn depends on the normal bacteria flora of the part, the size of the wound, duration of the operation increases in the length of stay in the hospital and can even result in patient’s death.

1.1 COMPLICATION

Complication arising from wound sepsis are suppurations which results when there is an imbalance between the infective agent on one hand and the defensive reaction on the other. The other complications are cellulite which is characterized by a spreading infection, necrosis, and sloughing; septicemia, pyaemia and kaolin formation chilling worth et al 1979). Others that can also result from wound sepsis are gas gangrene, clostridia mystics, clostridical crepitate celluslitis which is a type of mixed infection usually found as a complication of wounds characterized by necrosis of the aveolar and fascia tissues with progressive gangrenous changes in the skin secondary in thrombosis or nutrient vessels repetition of the wound result from the formation of gas by the bacteria synergistic gangrene which is a mixed infection caused by the synergistic action of the acrobic hemolytic staphylococcus aurous and micro Europhilic haemolytic streptococcus also occur as a senous complication peritonitis, perforation and absences formation are other complications. Wound sepsis can be complicated by mixed infection in which yeast and often fungal infection are involved (sabistan 1981). other complications are diabetic micro antipathy which involves the small vessels and capillaries a further complicate diabetes Nellutus.

Distinct and definitive thickening of the usement member inflammatory changes occur lading to the impairment of the resistant of the skin to secondary infections and delay the rate of healing following injures. Arkrosclerosis is another major complication of diabetes mellitus. Corponary Vessels are affected producing myscardid infection are the vessels of the lower extremities producing gangrene of the toes and feets. The precipitating causes of gangrene of the lower extremities resulting in ulceration, infliction, and subbasement gangrene.

In the case of sickle cell disease leg ulcers, there is general reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood resulting. In tissue dypoxia and parenthesis of the extremities occurs but although certain compensatory adjustment of the circulation occur the patients can become immemorially compromised in cases of secondary infections due to blocking of small vessels by sickled cells and infare of bones and joints which enhances the continued preponderance of any infecting organism (Anderson 1985).

This work is therefore an attempt to investigate bacteria associated with infection of wounds noting their differences. in distribution peltern, age range 10-2) years, (3-5) years, (6-8) years (9-11) year (12-14) years, (15-17) years, (18-20) years and 21 years and above, sex distribution (male and female) predisposing factor and any other factor affecting in Nigeria where antibiotic sensitivity pattern especially in Nigeria where drugs are takes indiscriminately without prescription.

1.2 AIM OF OBJECTIVES

a. The aim of this work is to isolate and identified bacteria associated with wound sepsis.

b. And the objectives are to assess whether any correlation exists between age, sex and different types of wounds.

c. To assess the antibiogram of different bacteria associated with wound sepsis to offer advice on therapy.

1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Wound sepsis has really posed a serious threat to both surgical and un-surgical wounds. There has been prevalence in wound sepsis following iyunes and fome disease state and may have failed to heal after administration of common antibiotics resulting to foul smelling and petrifying wounds owing to their discriminate use of drugs especially in togena.

This problems really propelled met know whether it is because efln discriminate use of dmgs that contributed to sensitive organisms to become resisted string to the drugs or could it be because of mosconical injection which comes bystaying very long in the hospital. And why staphylococcus has been the prechominant organisms threatening wounds.

1.4 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Standard clean sanitary condition is employed to avoid mosconial infection

1.5 HYPOTHESIS

HO: Staphocollus aureus is predominantly associated with wound sepsis.

H1: Staplococcus aureus is not predominantly associated with wound sepsis.

HII: There is correlation between age, sex, and different types of wound sepsis.

1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY

The scope of the study is to isolate and identify bacteria associated with wound seosis, noting their distribution pattern, age, and sex relationship, predisposing factor and any other factor affecting it and their antibiotic sensitivity especially in Nigeria where drugs are taken indiscriminately without prescription.

1.7 LIMITATIONS

This project work has been limited on only surgical, sickle cell, ulcer, Diabetic ulcer and gun short wound sepsis. Collection of samples and materials used is limited to National orthopedic hospital Enugu Metropolis.

This project is also limited to open wounds and to patients that lactnot stayed for a long time, in the clinic to eliminate nosocomial infection and sense had not used a lot of antibiotics which would have killed the
opportunistic bacteria.

The significance of study.

REFERENCES

Ako-Nalak1992) Sources of intra-operative bacterial colonization of clean surgical wounds and subbasement post operative wound infection in Nigeria Hospital

Anderson J.R (1991) M Mr’s Text Book of pallology, 12 edition London Buffer and Tanner pp 17-26.

Anyanwu, C.H; (1993) Post pneumonic pleural sepsis in Nigeria Children, Tropical Doctor pp 57-60

Bssak S. (1992) Bacteriology of wound sepsis/infection Journal of India Medical Association pp33-34

Datubo – Brown D.o.(1987) Leg ulcers in the developing countries Journal of prevention diagnosis and treatment pp9-11

Eriukhin I.A, (1992) Wound infection. Greek Medical Journal pp 149 – 150, 206 – 215