An Appraising the Effectiveness of Credit Administration and Management in the Banking Industry

An Appraising the Effectiveness of Credit Administration and Management in the Banking Industry

ABSTRACT

This research work was undertaken to appraise the effectiveness of credit administration in the banking industry.

We narrowed our investigation to four (4) commercials bank in Nigeria (Union Bank, UBA, Afribank, and Bank PHB)

The method of study adopted includes data obtained from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data mostly involves personal interviews, and questionnaires administered to the respondents of the management and staff of these banks. The secondary data was mainly information collected from textbooks, journals, magazines, unpublished monograms, and various works of professionals in the related fields to aid our inquiry.

The total number of questionnaires administered to both management and staff of the banks amounted to 98 and a total of 80 questionnaires were recovered showing about 82%, out of which 18 were void representing 18%.

The Spearman Rank order correlation coefficient was sued as a statistical tool in testing the three (3) Hypotheses.

The outcome of the study proves that loans and advances constitute a major component of the asset s portfolio. That proper and adequate attention must be given to the administration and management of credit.

A review of credit guidelines frequently is generally a more effective control of credit.

The summary of the findings revealed that the fundamental skill and knowledge of customers and the economy enable the banker to make a rational decisions when lending.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter one

Introduction

1.1 Overview

1.2 Statement of the problem

1.3 Purpose of study

1.4 Research question

1.5 Research Hypothesis

1.6 Significance of the study

1.7 Scope of the Study

1.8 Limitation of the study

1.9 Definition of Terms

1.10 Organization of the study.

Reference

Chapter Two.

Literature review

2.0 Introduction

2.1 Bank Credit Deposit

2.2TheLegal and Regulatory framework for Granting Credit

2.3 Knowledge of Customer

2.4 Establishing a Credit Policy

2.5 Forms of Credit Facilities

2.6 The Principles of Lending

2.7 Credit Documentation

2.8 Source of Credit Information

2.9 Credit Review or Supervision

2.10 Internal Cause of Bad Credit

2.11 Identification of Problem Loans

2.12 Management of Problem Credit

2.13 loan Growth and Quality

2.14 Constitution in credit Creation

2.15 Scope of Credit Investigation

2.16 Functions of the Credit Department

2.17 Loan Recovery Strategies

2.18 Loan Insurance

2.19 Summary

Reference

Chapter three

3.0 Research Methodology

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Research Design

3.3 Population of the Study

3.4 Determination of Sample Size

3.5 Method/Instrument of Data Collection

3.6 Data analysis and techniques

3.7 Decision rule

3.8 Operationalization of Major Variables

Chapter four

4.0 Data presentation and analysis.

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Data Presentation

4.3 Distributed Questionnaire

4.4 Questionnaire Analysis

4.5 Testing of Hypothesis

4.6 Summary of Description.

Chapter five

5.1 Discussion of finding

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendation

References

Bibliography

Appendix One

Appendix two

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

Credit Administration and management in any financial market is one basic function of banks that accounts for a large share of income. That banking operation in Nigeria and the world over still come alive today is a function of how effective this key role of banks is being played.

B.C. Okocha (2000) “The level of performance of service and realization of objects for which the organization is set up is a function of the quality of management policies and procedures followed to achieve these set objectives.

Banking Institutions are created with the fundamental or cardinal function (objectives) of deposit acceptance and credit extension for the development and expansion of the real sector of the economy.

Banks can only remain as a veritable tool for economic growth and wealth maximization if there is a positive correlation between management and objective.

The aggregate economic growth in both micro and macro economy induced investors, government, and corporate bodies to appreciate the significance of bank credit as a major source through which business could be effectively financed for wealth maximization.

The growing concern about business growth which has been dwindled by the inaccessibility of credit occasioned by stringent conditions attached, the untold hardship of loan interest, banks’ sharp practices, and nonadherence to credit guidelines are basic issues the researcher seeks to address.

Abasss A. Shiro (2004) “Credit creation presents a good maximization opportunity to the banking industries to achieve its objectives as the basis by enlarging the money supply base and raising the general investment level of the country’. Lending and credit administration is very vital to banks which, if not properly carried out can hinder the effective operations of the banks, improper lending decision which leads to the accumulation of huge bad debts that adversely affect banks’ effectiveness, however.

Therefore, it is expedient that bank managers should be equipped with better information, principles, and techniques required for effective lending rather than regarding them as mere guidelines which have limitations. Lending is highly subjective, the final analysis depends on the judgment of the lender, hence in making a final judgment, the lender must review all the techniques, principles, and knowledge acquired through environmental and project analysis. The credit character and prospects of the borrower must also be scrutinized.

It is against this background that the bank decides the quantum of lending appropriate to the prospective demand. This quantum has to be optimum volume in terms and conditions that would satisfy the banking objectives of the lender.

The qualities of credit administration have a direct impact on the bank’s effectiveness, and this could be measured with various parameters such as profitability, customer satisfaction, shareholders satisfaction, the volume of bad debts, employee motivation, and attainment of the general objectives of the bank.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Today the increasing financial improprieties, insolvency, non-performing loan, distress in banks, and near-collapse of the financial system accounted for the cry and quest by the business community for total economic recovery.

This study identified the following problems and suggest ways of solving them.

Stringent conditions for accessibility of credit.
Unbearable financial burdens that bank customers bear in the course of repaying these loans.
The unbearable interest charges, penalties, and unclassified charges.
Banks indulge in all sorts of sharp practices, cutting the corner, and non-adherence to policy guidelines set out for credit management.
Bank managers do not adhere to internal rules and mechanisms in lending credit, it translates to non-performing loans as lender and beneficiary connivance to short-cut procedures.
The Apex bank lacks adequate surveillance and strategy to forestall discipline and enforce compliance with these regulations and guidelines.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The rate of bank failure in the recent past has called for great concern by depositors, government, financial regulators, and stakeholders who advocate for a strong and viable economy based on the sound financial sector to provide the most needed lubricant interns of credit lending to aid economic growth and development.

However, the major reasons advanced for these failures are related to the improper lending habits of the banks, coupled with slow industrial development, inflation, and unemployment which make it impossible to either secure the credit facility.

Therefore, given the problems highlighted above the purpose of this study is to:

a) Identify how banks manage credit facilities effectively to ensure prompt repayment as at when due, and various reasons for default.

b) Reveal the problem associated with the effective and efficient management of credit, and find out the impact of effective management in an economy.

c) To initiate or suggest methods of improving credit management in line with banks’ internal and external factors (monetary guidelines).

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Given this research topic, an extensive form of research questions would be asked so that various data collected could be analyzed using the statistical method. The following are the research questions in this study.

What impact and action do banks take in managing their credit facilities effectively to ensure prompt repayment as at when due?
What is the suggested method of improving credit management in line with banks’ internal and external factors (monetary guidelines)?
How do the banks reveal the problem associated with the effective and efficient management of credit?
What are the reasons for the increase in non-performing loans and non-security of loan facilities in the financial sector of the economy?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The following hypothetical statement is necessary to guide us in determining the answers to the above-stated problems and questions.

HYPOTHESIS 1

H0: There is no significant relationship between accountability in credit management and the profitability and total output in banks.

HYPOTHESIS 2

H0: There is no significant relationship between the Quality/quantity of loan assets and the bank’s sustainability and development

HYPOTHESIS 3

H0: Regulation and supervision of banks have no significant relationship with overall growth and development.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Olowe R.A (1997): “banking Industry in Nigeria does not operate in isolation of global banking system that is facilitated by information technology which makes bank services and products customer-oriented”. Therefore, its present level of operations and development is far below expectation in terms of products, services, and effective resource mobilization for her lending as banks are globally viewed as a necessary medium to propel other sectors through investment and credit lending to achieve desired growth development.

Therefore management of credit is an aspect of banking services that has been grossly abused and mismanaged.

This study is therefore expected to provide useful suggestions and recommendations to most problems affecting effective and efficient credit management in banks, most importantly this study will be useful to managers of banks, and prospective facility seekers to expose them to the requirements of banks in terms of security, financial information for analysis, project prospects, etc. This study will be of immense benefit to the government and its agencies that are responsible for banking supervision.

This work will also be important to students, and lecturers of social science involve in research work on the area of banking in the general secondary data sources.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study is limited to the credit administration and management in deposit money banks in Nigeria.

The study is also limited to the information obtained from the geographical area of the study (ABA) as a basis for making a general assumption on the performance of Nigerian deposit money banks in terms of credit management and administration.

The reluctance of the top management and staff of the banks in giving out some relevant information due to an oath of secrecy poses a constraint to the research work.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS:

Ø Monetary Policy: This is a policy initiated by the government to regulate the volume of money in circulation.

Ø Credit Limit: This is a ceiling beyond which a bank will not grant additional facilities to customers.

Ø Global Banking: This connotes the interface of banking services and products through an information technology network, which is more customer-oriented than traditional banking.

Ø Credit Management: This involves planning and controlling the collection of loans and advances in line with management’s corporate plan of maximizing shareholders’ wealth.

Ø Distress Bank: These are banks with problems with liquidity. Poor earnings and high volume of non-performing assets.

1.10 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This work is arranged into five chapters.

Chapter one examines the introduction; purposes, here is discussed the overview, statement of the problem, the purpose of the study, research questions, scope of the study, significance of the study, limitation of the study, and definition of terms.

Chapter Two deals with the review of related literature, in other words, it views the works of other researchers in the field. This is mostly from textbooks, journals the s, the internet, and other relevant materials.

Chapter three is on the research methodology. It covers the research design, sampling procedures/sample size determination, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.

Chapter four is on the presentation and analysis of data, the hypothesis formulated in chapter one is tested statically and recommendations concerning the problems studied.