Comparative Analysis of Antimicrobial Strength of Three Most Common Antibiotics

Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
List Of Tables
List Of Figures
Table Of ContentsChapter One
1.0 Introduction 
1.1 Historical Background
1.2 Aims And Objective
1.3 Hypothesis
1.4 Statement Of Problem
1.5 Scope Of Study
1.6 Limitation Of StudyChapter Two
2.0 Literature Review 
3.1 Procurement Of Antibiotics
3.1.1 Streptomycin
2.1.2 Chloramphenicol
2.1.3 Gentamicin
2.2 Antimicrobial Activity In Vitro
2.3 Antimicrobial Activity In Vivo
2.4 Resistance To Antimicrobial Drugs
2.5 Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Activity
2.6 Clinical Use Of Antibiotics
2.7 Characteristic Of AntibioticsChapter Three
3.0 Materials And Method 
3.1 Sample Collection
3.1.1 Media Composition
3.1.2 Direction For The Preparation Of Nutrient Agar
3.1.3 Direction For The Preparation Of Blood Agar
3.1.4 Material Used For The Prewritten Of Media

Chapter Four
4.0 Isolation And Identification Procedures 
4.1.1 Isolation And Identification Of Staphylococcus Aureus
4.1.2 Isolation And Identification Of Escherichia Coli
4.2 Sensitivity Test

Chapter Five
5.0 Recommendation 
5.1 Conclusion
References

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 

Antibiotics are chemicals when the chemical is put into the body, they stop the growth of kinds of germs. They help the body fight diseases. More than 3,000 years ago ancient people stumbled over the discovery that some molds could be used as a cure. The Egyptians, the Chinese, and Indians of central America would use the mold to treat rashes and infected would. At that time they didn’t understand either diseases or treatment. As time went on, people began to gain some insight into the disease. In 1860 Louis Pasteur Shaw that many diseases were caused it bacteria. Later he discovered that we may be able to fight germs and other microbes. It was two German doctors, who were first to make an effective medication from microbes. Kudo if and Emmerich and Oscar have conducted their experiment in 1890. They proved that germ that would for another. All the men did was to take the germ from infected bandages and grow then in a test tube. They would then isolate a particular germ that caused green in factions in the open world. This germ was bacteria called Bacillus pyoicyaneus. They put them into another test tube containing another type of bacteria, it was then it happened that the bacillus pyocyanin wiped out the other disease germ. The germs that were killed were those that caused cholera, typhoid, diphtheria, and anthrax. From this the two men created a medication that they called pyranose, it was the first antibiotic used in hospitals.

In 1928 Alexander Fleming, a Scottish scientist, discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic. He was keeping in a pet dish when a speck of mold fell in, which cause the mold to grow on the nutrient agar used to feed the bacteria. Surpassingly, it stopped the growth of the bacteria.

Fleming through the mold called penicillin notatum produced a substance that killed the bacteria and so-called it penicillin. However, he was not able to entrant it from the broth in which he grew the mold.

In 1945, Waksman used the word antibiotics for the first time and proposed that it can be defined as a chemical substance of microbial origin that possesses antibiotic powers. He discovered a drug called streptomycin. It originated from microbes found in soil and was a cure for many intestinal diseases. Now antibiotics like penicillin and streptomycin were discovered. Each was effective against a certain disease, but scientists wanted more. Doctors, however, anted broad-spectrum drug. That is a single antibiotic that could cure any disease.

The search proved successful one laboratory discovered Aureonycin, which is a drug that does the job of penicillin and streptomycin. Another laboratory discovered chloromycetin.

In 1949, yet another laboratory came with one of the effective antibiotics ever found, Terramycin. This drug could be used against many bacteria diseases (Katzung, 1994).

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

1. To identify the causative organism that is delicious to man’s health.
2. To determine the potency of the different antibiotics.
3. To know the type of organism sensitive to the different antibiotics.

1.3 HYPOTHESIS 

H0- Streptomycin is more effective
H1 – Streptonyin is not effective
H2 – Chloramphenicol is not effective
H3- Chloramphenicol is not effective
H4- Gentamicin is more effective
H5 –Gentanicin is not effective
H6 – Comparing the strength of the three antibiotics.

1.4 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 

Due to the problem encountered in Enugu Urban (obiagu), most people abuse antibiotics owing to the general belief that antibiotics can be used in the treatment of all kinds of diseases. This can result in drug resistance. Accumulation of these drugs can lead to internal damage. Hence this study compares the antimicrobial strength of three antibiotics.

1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY 

This work will be limited to the maximum inhibitory concentration and know the organism sensitive to the different antibiotics under a certain temperature.

1.6 LIMITATION OF STUDY 

1)Limited time in making research for the project work.

2) Inharailability of equipment and reagents in the course of carrying out the work.